What are the potential effects of long-term exposure to low levels of radiation?

Long-term exposure to low levels of radiation is associated with various health risks, particularly an increased risk of cancer and potential genetic mutations. Radiation can cause direct damage to DNA or provoke cellular processes that lead to mutations over time. Even at low doses, the cumulative effect of radiation can interfere with the normal functioning of cells, contributing to the development of cancer.

The biological mechanisms behind this involve the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, which can harm cellular components, including DNA. When DNA is damaged, the cell may either repair itself or undergo changes that can result in cancerous growth. This emphasizes the importance of radiation safety measures, especially in occupational settings, to mitigate risks associated with long-term exposure.

In contrast, options referring to increased robustness of DNA, decreased likelihood of genetic mutations, and an enhanced immune response suggest beneficial effects that are not supported by the current understanding of radiation's impact on biological tissues.