What do high-speed electrons produce when they strike a hard surface?

High-speed electrons generate X-rays and heat when they impact a hard surface due to their kinetic energy being transferred upon collision. As the electrons interact with the atoms of the hard surface, they can cause the surrounding atoms to become excited or ionized. This energetic interaction can result in the emission of X-rays, which are a form of electromagnetic radiation, as the electrons decelerate or change direction. The friction and energy transfer during this interaction also generate heat.

This process is fundamental in various applications, such as in X-ray tubes where high-speed electrons collide with a metal target, producing diagnostic X-rays for medical imaging. Understanding this interaction is crucial in radiation safety, as it informs protocols to protect individuals working with or around electron sources.