What is the primary byproduct when high-speed electrons strike a target?

When high-speed electrons strike a target, the primary byproduct produced is X-rays. This phenomenon occurs due to the interaction of the high-energy electrons with the atoms of the target material. As the electrons decelerate upon hitting the target, they transfer energy to the target’s electrons, which can result in the ejection of inner-shell electrons. When outer-shell electrons transition to fill these vacancies, they release energy in the form of X-rays.

Heat is also produced during this process, as the kinetic energy from the electrons is converted into thermal energy upon impact with the target. However, the generation of X-rays is the most significant and direct result of the high-speed electrons colliding with the material, distinguishing it as the primary byproduct.

Electricity is not a byproduct of this interaction; rather, it may be a source of energy used to generate the high-speed electrons in the first place. Similarly, while gamma rays can be produced in other nuclear processes or specific interactions, they are not the primary output in this context. Therefore, understanding the interaction between high-speed electrons and target materials clearly shows that X-rays are the primary byproducts of such collisions.